跳到主要內容區塊
Search
mobilemenu
研究調查報告
    :::
    研究調查報告
      100年度墾丁國家公園動物醫療保健業務
      一、計畫緣起
      墾丁國家公園位處臺灣南隅,為國內第一座成立之國家公園,獨特的海陸地理景觀和熱帶氣候,孕育相當豐富種類的野生動物,每年尚有大批候鳥飛來過冬,為保育這些國家重要自然生態資源,維護生物多樣性,並喚起國人對生態保育的重視,自民國73年1月成立以來,亦不遺餘力,成果優異。轄內台灣梅花鹿的復育,歷經準備期、放養期和野放追蹤期,亦已成功的保存臺灣特有的梅花鹿品系,讓其回歸原有的自然生活;而台灣環頸雉的保育,也繁衍保存著臺灣較早的野生品系種源。然而,動物難免有生病與受傷,因此醫療救助在所難免。又因轄內有不少居民與畜產試驗所所飼養之牲畜與家禽,加上候鳥與生態旅遊日益繁盛,野生動物、豢養動物與人三者間的互動,豢圉、棲地與人類活動地的重疊與接觸,亦在所難免,因此傳染性疾病尤其潛在性人畜共通傳染病的預防、監測與控制,對野生動物的保育和對公共衛生威脅的防遏,亦是不可或缺的工作。此外,對檢獲或違法獵捕取締之野生動物也需施予即時之醫療保健。因此,為持續監測轄內野生動物之潛在性疾病,預防疾病於未然,並對受傷動物進行醫療保健,對生病和死亡動物進行病因診斷鑑定,屏東科技大學獸醫學系暨動物醫院自民國76年以來,持續接受墾丁國家公園管理處之委託,辦理轄區內野生動物的醫療保健勞務計畫,對轄區內動物的醫療保健和疾病防治體系,已有豐富的經驗,今年度榮幸再獲續辦此計畫。
      二、方法及過程
      服務內容為墾丁國家公園管理處轄內陸域野生動物,包括哺乳類和鳥類等之疾病檢查、診治和預防,其執行方法一方面平日對受傷野生動物進行疾病檢查和醫療照護;對死亡動物進行剖檢、死因鑑定和屍體處理;對墾管處野放及遷移野生動物時給予協助及技術指導;對轄區野生動物緊急狀況進行醫療。另方面進行定期預防注射和健康監測,包括預防注射(台灣環頸雉5-6和11月行新城病預防注射;台灣梅花鹿配合政府政策行口蹄疫預防注射);重要傳染病及寄生蟲感染之監控(台灣環頸雉於5和11月行雛白痢,台灣梅花鹿於召回時行結核病、布氏桿菌病等重要傳染病及糞便寄生蟲之檢查監控);健康檢查(抽驗環頸雉和對召回鹿隻,以及其它野生動物於被捕捉保定時,進行血
      液學、血清生化學和一般臨床等檢查,以監控動物之健康營養和預防重要疾病尤其傳染病之發生);預防緊迫(台灣環頸雉 投 予電解質維生素);對召回之臺灣梅花鹿進行基本資料之建立(耳刺青編號、量體重)。
      三、重要發現
      1.台灣梅花鹿之重要傳染病監控與預防:召回之鹿隻之結核病、副結核病、布氏桿菌病和糞便寄生蟲檢查,全部均呈陰性反應,且無壁蝨感染。但1頭山羌副結核病檢查陽性,鄰近渡假村鹿隻有1頭腦脊髓絲狀蟲症。
      2.台灣梅花鹿之健康檢查:血液學和血清化學檢查全部鹿隻大致均正常,無肝、腎功能障礙,但有極少數鹿隻營養稍差。
      3.台灣梅花鹿之醫療與病理學檢查:本年度有被狗咬死、被車撞死、初生仔鹿之低體溫、遭槍殺、及上膊骨骨折等病例。
      4.台灣環頸雉重要傳染病之監控與預防:實施新城病每年2次死毒疫苗預防注射及新生雉2次基礎免疫注射,另由新城病血球抑制凝集反應抗體測定亦確立預防注射時機恰當,故雖由抗體力價推測有病毒入侵但並無發病發生。抗體陽性率雛白痢為5.4%(3/56),慢性呼吸器病為28.6%(15/56),但似乎並不會引起環頸雉生病與危害。
      5.台灣環頸雉之健康檢查:糞便和血液抹片檢查均無寄生蟲感染,但血清總蛋白質測定有8.9% (5/56)低於3.8g/dL,顯示營養稍差。
      6.其它野生動物之醫療和剖檢:鼬獾遭車撞饑餓死、台灣獼猴角膜纖維化失明之救助、山羌遭獸夾夾斷前肢之救助、臺灣鼬獾之剖檢、台灣獼猴遭電擊/攻擊死亡病例之剖檢。
      四、主要建議事項
      根據上述發現,本計畫提出下列立即可行建議:
      主辦機關:墾丁國家公園管理處
      1.台灣梅花鹿之口蹄疫疫苗注射,建議往後仍依政府防疫單位規定,每年對召回鹿隻預防注射1次。
      2.台灣梅花鹿之結核病、副結核病和布氏桿菌病等反芻獸重要人畜共通傳染病,以及胃腸道和血液寄生蟲檢查已多年均為陰性反應,得來不易,有必要繼續監測維持,以贏得轄內其他動物飼養單位信任與放心。
      3.台灣梅花鹿自92年11月起,除97年無發現外,每年均有部分鹿隻遭受壁蝨感染,偶而引起死亡,今年則未發現感染。腦脊髓絲狀蟲症99年度有2頭感染,今年雖無病例,但鄰近渡假村有本病發生,可見轄內為本病之疫區,因此建議除持續對召回鹿隻施行牛避逃藥浴外,須以對此二種寄生蟲有效之害獲滅進行預防注射,以減少本病之為害。
      4.台灣梅花鹿近幾年來仍然偶有遭野犬咬死或非法捕獵情形,建議應繼續加強警告、宣導和取締。遇有斃死動物仍然請送檢,以監測和預防其他重要動物傳染病之發生與傳播。
      5.新城病為台灣環頸雉最重要之傳染病,這幾年實施每年2次死毒疫苗預防注射及新生雉2次基礎免疫注射,效果良好,建議持續施行此一方式之預防注射。
      6.台灣環頸雉近幾年都有少數低蛋白血症,顯示營養稍差,建議就飼養方法(如增加飼料槽和飼料餵予量),及依飼養面積控制飼養隻數來加以改善。
      7.野生動物由於與人陌生,生病救助時會極度緊張掙扎,須多次治療之疾病往往因每次之治療接觸而易引起緊迫死亡,但建議自捕捉保定、送診至住院醫療整個過程,須儘其可能減少緊迫,以減少損失。
      計畫類別:[動物生態]
      英文摘要:ABSTRACT
      There are abundant wild animals resources in the Kenting National Park. In order to evaluate the healthy condition, to establish a procedual for preventing diseases of wild animals, and medical therapy for the injured, dead and recalled animals, the medical examinations and treatments were performed for the terrestrial wild animals all over the year of 2011.
      A total of 92 Formosan sika deer (Cervus nippon taiouanus) assembled from the reintroduction field were done vaccinations with FMD inactivated vaccine and ivermectin injection for preventing the tick and cerebrospinal nematode infections. All the deer were performed the examinations of single cervical intradermal tuberculin test and serum ELISA for Mycobacterium bovis, serum ELISA for antibody and fecal PCR for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), serum plate agglutination tests for Brucella abortus, hematology, serum chemistry, fecal parasitology, and general clinical appearance. The results showed that all the examinations in each deer were normal. Besides, autopsies were conducted for eight dead deers included two dog biting, three car accident, one gun hunting, one hypothermia, and one malnutrion and pneumonia. A deer was performed surgery for bone fracture.
      All of the ring-necked pheasants ( Phasianus colchicus) were vaccinated two times with inactivated vaccines against Newcastle Disease Virus in june and November, 2011. Fifty-six serum samples were performed the examinations of plate agglutination tests for Salmonella pullorum(PD), ELISA for Mycoplasma gallisepticum (CRD), total serum protein (TSP) and haemoaglutination inhibit test for Newcastle disease antibody. Six feces samples were done parasitological examinations. The results showed that prevalence rates of PD and CRD were 5.4% (3/56) and 28.6 % (15/56), respectively. All of the fecal and bloody parasitological examinations are negative. 8.9 %(5/56) of the pheasants revealed hypoproteinemia.
      The medical treatments, health cares and/or pathological diagnoses were also done in two Formasan fereet badgers ( Melogale moschata subaurantiaca), two Formosa macaques ( M. cyclopis), and one Formosan muntjac ( Muntiacus reevesi micrurus).
      This project comes to the following immediate strategies.
      1.The current methods for medical examinations and treatments of wild animals in Kenting National Park were suitable, especially for the controls of bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis and gastrointestinal parasite infestation in deer, and newcastle disease in pheasant. It should be continuously executed.
      2.For the species conservation of Formosan sika deer (Cervus nippon taiouanus), some of the deers should be selected, and were free-ranged in the cleaning area of tick and cerebrospinal nematode. The drug dipping, ivomectin injection and the rotation grazing should be periodically performed. On the other hand, the recalled deers also be continuously executed the drug dipping and ivomectin injection for the parasitic dispel.
      3.For the controls of hypoproteinemia and chronic infections (such as Salmonella pullorum, Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae) in pheasant, to improve the raising space, to increase feed trough number and/or to decrease the number of pheasant are necessary.
      4.For decreasing the condition caused the deer death, strengthening the declaration and ban to forbid illegal hunting should be did.
      辦理單位:國立屏東科技大學
      計畫屬性:本處委託辦理
      執行年度:100B08
      計畫主持人:吳永惠
      中文關鍵字:醫療保健、醫學檢查、野生動物、墾丁國家公園
      英文關鍵字:Health care and treatment, Wild animals, Kenting National Park
      openmenu closemenu