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研究調查報告
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    研究調查報告
      墾丁國家公園烏、白頭翁擴散暨烏頭翁保護區劃設之可行性研究(三)
      摘 要
      關鍵詞:烏頭翁、白頭翁、雜交、微衛星
      一、研究緣起:
      本研究之目的為開發適用於烏、白頭翁的遺傳標記,以建立一套能區分烏、白頭翁的微衛星基因座,並將之用於雜交個體的偵測,並試圖解析墾丁地區特有的『烏頭亞型』個體,是否為雜交所產生的後代。
      二、研究方法及過程:
      本研究針對目前已經發表的鳥類微衛星基因座中,篩選出適用於烏、白頭翁的遺傳標記。共分析來自五種鳥、共73對的微衛星基因座引子後,找出其中有39對引子可在烏、白頭翁中以聚合酶連鎖反應增幅。以螢光標記這些引子,進行這些基因座在烏、白頭翁的多型性測試顯示只有九組基因座在烏、白頭翁或『烏頭亞型』個體中具有多型性,排除不符合哈地-溫伯格平衡的二基因座和在烏頭翁及白頭翁中沒有變異的一個基因座後,共有六個微衛星基因座可供進行遺傳分析。
      三、重要發現:
      微衛星基因座篩選的結果顯示這些引子跨種測試的適用性很低,只有12.33%,即使具多型性的微衛星基因座,其雜合度也不高。平均而言,平均每基因座的對偶基因數為2.89-3.67個,雜合度的觀測值為0.236-0.433,期望值則為0.308-0.409。由於這些基因座的多型性不高,致使其應用於區分烏、白頭翁的效果並不明顯。烏、白頭翁之間的分化程度FST在六組適用的微衛星基因座中只有0.021,貝氏分群測試的結果以建議所有分析的樣本應數同一族群。然而,關連性分析的結果則顯示雖然能解釋的變異量有限,但烏、白頭翁和烏頭亞型三者在各軸的分佈上有顯著的差異,其中以烏頭翁和白頭翁的分化程度較明顯,烏頭亞型的遺傳組成則介於二者之間。
      四、主要建議事項:
      綜合過去的研究成果,對於未來烏頭翁的保育工作,我們提出四項建議:
      中長期性建議─研擬烏頭翁保護區的劃設
      主辦機關:墾丁國家公園管理處
      立即可行建議─建立園區內白頭翁和雜交個體的通報機制
      主辦機關:墾丁國家公園管理處
      協辦機關:民間保育團體、當地學校
      中長期性建議─進行白頭翁和雜交個體的移除工作
      主辦機關:墾丁國家公園管理處
      協辦機關:屏東縣野鳥學會、高雄巿野鳥學會等
      中長期性建議─利用移除作業所捕獲的個體,進行教育及研究工作。
      主辦機關:墾丁國家公園管理處
      協辦機關:屏東縣野鳥學會、國立自然科學博物館、鳥類相關的研究單位
      計畫類別:[動物生態]
      英文摘要:ABSTRACT
      KEYWORD:Taiwan Bulbul, Chinese Bulbul, hybridization, microsatellite
      The main focus of this study is to develop a set of microsatellite markers and to use these markers on the distinguishing of the Taiwan Bulbul, Chinese Bulbul and their hybrids. We have screened 73 primer pairs developed from six species of birds and found 39 of them could be amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Polymorphism test of these markers resulted to only nine polymorphic loci (12.33 %) in Taiwan Bulbul, Chinese Bulbul and/ or the “sub-typed Taiwan Bulbul”. After excluding two loci which were not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and one locus which was monomorphic in both Taiwan Bulbul and Chinese Bulbul, only six polymorphic loci were used in the subsequent analyses. The mean number of allele per locus were from 2.89 to 3.67, mean observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.236 to 0.433, and mean expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.308 to 0.409. No significant population differentiation were found on the three populations (Taiwan Bulbul, Chinese Bulbul and the “sub-typed Taiwan Bulbul”), as revealed by low Fst value and the result of Bayesian population assignment test. However, the result of correspondence analysis showed significant difference of the three populations on both axes (CA1 and CA2). This indicated that these markers might be able to distinguish Taiwan Bulbul and Chinese Bulbul. With more polymorphic markers been applied, we might be able to use this marker set to distinguish these two bulbuls and identify their hybrids.
      For the conservation of the endemic Taiwan Bulbul, we argue: 1. to set up protected areas for this species;2. to encourage local people and bird watchers to report the sightings of Chinese Bulbuls and hybrids in the Kenting National Park area, especially those who appear in the protected area; 3. to conduct removal practice in the Park area to remove Chinese Bulbuls and hybrids; and 4. to make good use of the removed individuals in education and scientific research.
      計畫屬性:本處委託研究
      執行年度:96003
      計畫主持人:許育誠
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