墾丁國家公園管理處全球資訊網

墾丁國家公園陸域長期生態監測計畫(龍鑾潭重要濕地長期生態監測)

一、計畫緣起
龍鑾潭濕地為墾丁國家公園內的最大淡水湖，同時也是許多留鳥與候鳥的棲息地，吸引了許多賞鳥客與觀光客至龍鑾潭進行生態旅遊。近年來生活形態的轉變，墾丁地區觀光遊客持續增加，土地開發擴張至龍鑾潭周圍，可能對龍鑾潭的生態環境產生顯著的衝擊。
二、研究方法與過程
為協助墾丁國家公園管理處有效管理國家公園土地，因此進行關於生態系環境與人類活動的調查，包括：鳥類、植物、昆蟲、水生生物與水質等環境監測。並結合當地居民與觀光客的生活形態，利用空照圖比對過去與現在龍鑾潭的變化以及土地利用情形，評估龍鑾潭周邊的區域。
三、重要發現
在2011年3月至10月的調查結果中，鳥類部分總共記錄到44科126種，以春、秋兩季過境候鳥佔多數。棲地類型上以草澤及水稻田鳥類多樣性較高，樹林跟高草區較低。花嘴鴨及鷺科等大型水鳥對作物區具顯著偏好，而對水體的利用則顯著低於該類型棲地的佔地比例。另外，目前的資料尚看不出鳳頭潛鴨與螺貝類間有任何明顯的消長關係。植物相調查方面，已完成龍鑾潭自然中心樹木標本園的植栽調查；並於龍鑾潭周邊調查到陸域11科44種的陸域歸化植物，以豆科、菊科及禾本科較多；水生植物有10科24種，其中4種為歸化種，20種為原生種，以巴拉草最具優勢，原生種的水生黍為次優勢種。昆蟲調查中，共採集得17目約14,000隻昆蟲。已完成初步螞蟻種類鑑定，計有12屬19種螞蟻；發現龍鑾潭自然中心的優勢蟻種可能發生改變，此意謂龍鑾潭區域在生態演替上有稍微的變化。水生生物調查共發現浮游植物4門66種；附著藻類4門67種；浮游動物3門28種；底棲生物21科30種；魚類7科13種。水質調查以RPI指數計算，龍鑾潭水質基分指數介於1~3.25分之間，為一未受（稍受）污染至中度污染之水域；卡爾森優養化指數法(CTSI)計算得到水質介於普養至優養之間的狀態。從過去三十年土地利用的變動來看，景觀保護區內林地面積逐漸增加；而保護區外的情況是建築物增加、農地及閒置土地面積減少，顯示人為干擾對土地利用的影響造成相當大的改變。在2011年8月27~8月31日發生南瑪都颱風侵襲恆春半島，造成龍鑾潭水位暴漲，潭邊低窪地區淹水，也影響潭區原有的生物生存。以上調查資料同時輸入以相容性高的資訊平台所建置的資料庫，並結合空域空中攝影技術，針對保護區不同位置開發平面及空中視野環場影像，提供具有視覺化查詢功能之濕地網頁展示。未來可供一般民眾查詢資料或讓研究人員進行資料更新、修改與補充等服務，並作為未來土地利用管理的參考。本研究的過程及結果，將可發展為以「生態系為基礎的管理」模式(Ecosystem- Management Models)。
四、主要建議事項
本研究共提出立即可行之建議事項4件，中長期建議事項5件，共9件。其中最關鍵及主要的建議事項為「龍鑾潭特別景觀區的擴大及增設緩衝區之建議」。龍鑾潭周邊水域除作為留鳥與候鳥棲息地外，潭內的生物可供附近多數鳥類取食，周圍農田引用潭水灌溉作物，可見龍鑾潭的水質狀況關係到許多生物生存。
中長期建議—將東岸臨潭地區納入特別景觀區，外圍劃設生態緩衝區，並加強居民、遊客保護龍鑾潭自然資源的觀念。
主辦機關：墾丁國家公園管理處
協辦機關：屏東農田水利會、社區發展協會
監測結果顯示龍鑾潭東側堤防有多種棲地類型，鳥類生態十分豐富。但東側土地為私人所有，較難對人為活動產生的土地利用進行管理。水質監測結果發現龍鑾潭水體有優養化現象，推測與周圍農田施用肥料或民眾傾倒廢棄物，廢水流入潭內所造成。此外民眾於潭區垂釣與放生的行為也會影響潭內的生態平衡，建議設立龍鑾潭周邊的生態緩衝區，並對居民，遊客加強保育的觀念，以減少人為活動對環境的衝擊。

計畫類別：[動物生態]

英文摘要：The wetland of Longluan Lake is the largest freshwater lake in Kenting National Park. It is also a habitat of resident birds and migratory birds which attracts birders and tourists for ecotourism. Due to the change of lifestyle in Taiwan, tourists visiting Kenting are increasing and might be significantly environmental impacts caused by intensive land development near the Lake.
For effectively managing the Lake area, this project has conducted the ecosystem and environment monitoring such as, birds, plants, insects, aquatics, water qualities and human activities. The survey compared the land utilization of local people near the lake with aerial photographs of the 70’s to the present, then the stability of the area near the Lake has been considered.
From March to October 2011, 126 bird species have been recorded in 40 families, and most of them were migrants in fall and spring. Mash and paddy fields had higher bird densities than forest and savanna areas. The spot-bill duck and egrets preferred crop fields than open water areas in proportion to their availability. Nevertheless, we could not find any significant relationships between population changes of the tufted duck and mollusks. In flora survey, the investigation in the tree species garden of Longluan Lake Nature Center has completed. There are 44 species terrestrial naturalized plant of 11 families observed along Longluan Lake surroundings, most are Fabaceae, Compositae, and Poaceae. There were 24 species of aquatic plants of 10 families observed, including 4 species naturalized species and 20 species indigenous species. Para Grass (Brachiaria mutica) of naturalized species is the dominant species; (Panicum paludosum) of indigenous species is the subdominant species. In insects, about 14,000 individual of 17 Orders are collected. The preliminary identification of ants is completed, these ants are 19 species of 12 geneses. The dominant ant species might be modified in Longluan Lake Nature Center, which implies that the ecological succession might have minor changes. There are 66 species of phytoplankton of 4 phyla, 67 species of periphytic algae of 4 phyla, 28 species of zooplankton of 3 phyla, 30 species of benthic fauna of 21 families, and 13 species of fishes of 7 families in the aquatic organisms survey. The River Pollution Index (RPI) of the Lake were between the range of 1~3.25, which suggested that the water quality was between non-polluted and lightly-polluted. For the Carlson Trophic State Index (CTSI), it suggested that the water was mesotrophic to eutrophic. From the aspect of the dynamics of land covers, forest area has increased gradually within the landscape reserve area in last three decades. However, increasing building and decreasing farm lands and non-used land outside the landscape reserve area have shown that the land utilization in the area have been interfered by human activity intensively and has made lots of changes. Typhoon Nanmadol attracked Hengchun peninsula from August 27 to 31, 2011. The water level of the Lake rose and the lower area were flooded. It was also affected the existence of original organisms. The survey data were input into database built in high compatibility information platform combined with aerial photograph technology, focused in different positions of the landscape reserve area to develop plane and aerial views of panoramic images. It provides wetland website display with visional inquiry function. In the future, the database can be offered for the information inquiry by public, and it may be refreshed new data by researchers. These services can be referred as the management of land utilization in the future. Processes and results of this project might be developed as an "Ecosystem-Based Management Models".
The Lake provides not only habitats for resident and migratory birds, but also foods for their foraging. And the Lake provides irrigation water for the paddy fields around the Lake. Thus the water quality of the Lake relates to the existence of many organisms in the ecosystem.
In terms of mid- of long term, we suggest:
(1) Considering to incorporate eastern bank near the Lake into landscape reserve area and set buffer zone outside the Lake.
(2) Enhancing conservation education of natural resources to people and tourists.
Main administration: Kenting National Part Headquarters
Associate organizations: Pingtung Irrigation Association, Local Community Development Association
Results of monitoring shows there are many bird habitat types at eastern embankment and abundant bird communities. It is difficult to limit land utilizations on the private lands near eastern embankment. The water quality monitoring on the water is eutrophication in the Lake. It suggests the waste water suggests from fertilizations and garbage dumping which might flow into the Lake. In addition, activities of people fishing and religious release at lakeside may affect balance of lake ecosystem. In order to reduce environmental impacts of human activities, we suggest setting buffer zone at the lakeside and enhancing conservation education to people and tourists.

辦理單位：高雄醫學大學

計畫屬性：本處委託研究

執行年度：100A02

計畫主持人：程建中

中文關鍵字：龍鑾潭、濕地、陸域生態監測、生態系、水質監測、土地使用

英文關鍵字：Longluan Lake, wetland, terrestrial ecological monitoring, ecosystem, water quality monitoring, land utilization