墾丁國家公園管理處全球資訊網

107年度墾丁國家公園海域水質監測計畫

摘要
一、研究緣起
墾丁國家公園是台灣同時擁有陸域與海域的國家公園之一，亦是台灣海洋生物多樣性最高的區域之一。由於裙礁型的珊瑚礁位於離岸很近的淺水區域，容易受到污染物的加入而造成當地之生物群聚結構改變，故必須及早做長期性的監測與研究，以建立各項環境監測資料，才能瞭解環境變遷與生態改變的因果關係，並做為未來制定環境政策。
二、研究方法及過程
針對墾丁國家公園海域長期監測樣點進行水質環境監測，每季執行水質監測取樣及分析數據。監測項目包含水溫、鹽度、酸鹼值(pH)、溶氧、濁度、水中懸浮固體、生化需氧量、氨氮、硝酸鹽、亞硝酸鹽、磷酸鹽、矽酸鹽、葉綠素甲、大腸桿菌群等。採樣方式採環保署公告之檢驗方式。統計歷年相關資料及分析水質變動與環境相關影響。
三、重要發現
107年度調查14個海域測站，後壁湖保育區 (2018年11月22日與2019年8月7日) 、墾丁與凱撒測站(2019年5月6日)，大腸桿菌群數量未符合甲類海域之標準(1000 cfu/100 ml)。凱撒測站(2018年11月22日)氨氮(0.546mg/L) 未符合甲類海域之標準；凱撒與佳樂水測站(2019年8月7日) 生化需氧量(BOD5) 未符合甲類海域之標準(< 2.0mg/L)，其餘皆符合環保署公告保護生活環境之甲類海域水質標準。鹽度與營養鹽呈現顯著負相關；生化需氧量與濁度及懸浮固體呈現顯著正相關；且懸浮固體與生化需氧量、營養鹽呈現顯著正相關；表示海域測站鹽度受淡水輸入的影響(降雨、陸上逕流與排放溝渠等)，導致海域沿岸營養鹽與耗氧性物質的增加。另外，由於SiO2-Si主要來自淡水溪流與排放溝渠，表4-1顯示SiO2-Si與氨氮呈現顯著正相關與大腸桿菌群(Total Coliform)呈現正相關的趨勢(p = 0.052)，說明淡水的輸入間接影響海域水質與大腸桿菌群的數量。
墾丁國家公園內主要河川之污染程度隨季節性而有所變化，分別介於未受污染至中度污染；而影響計畫所屬各河川之污染程度之污染積分主要為生化需氧量及懸浮固體量。
四、主要建議事項
持續監測墾丁國家公園海域沿岸水質變化：立即可行建議
主辦機關：墾丁國家公園管理處。
協辦機關：海洋生物博物館、東華大學海洋生物研究所。
由溪流及排放溝渠溶氧與氨氮、生化需氧量呈現負相關性；氨氮與生化需氧量呈現正相關性，說明溪流及排放溝渠測站受氣候雨量及耗氧性物質排放的影響。墾丁地區乾濕季分明，乾季時，河水近乎乾涸時，未經處理之都市與畜牧耗氧性廢水流經河床，各類污染物質蓄積於河床，在河川水量稀少之狀況下導致涵容能力降低，造成水中氨氮與BOD5的濃度增加；相反的，在雨季時大量降雨時，則相對的降低。石牛溪、墾丁大排與凱撒小排在大腸桿菌群分析中，顯示有高數量的檢出。計畫所屬測站有些測站屬於海域遊憩區，海水水質在一般天候大多為優良等級，但在大雨、颱風過後水質易迅速惡化，大腸桿菌群、弧菌群等可能增加數百倍，讓水質變為「不宜親水活動」等級。
管控墾丁海域沿岸民宿高密度區域之生活廢水排放與非點污染源之調查：中長期建議
主辦機關：墾丁國家公園管理處。
協辦機關：屏東縣政府環保局、恆春鎮公所、畜牧試驗所恆春分所。
墾丁與南灣兩處設有污水處理廠，但在墾丁地區有石牛溪、墾丁大排與凱撒小排等溪流排放溝渠，枯水期水不常流動，水質優氧化產生異味及藻華現象。因此，未經處理之都市與畜牧耗氧性廢水流經河床，各類污染物質蓄積於河床。雨季時，逕流即將土壤沖刷，將有機廢水經過溝渠或溪流輸送到海裡，造成黃濁的水質及營養鹽與微生物之增加，影響當地海域生態環境。一般河川溪流水體之污染源主要分為點污染源與非點污染源兩類，其點污染源在監測與防治上掌握度高，需加強宣導觀光事業環境生態保育與管理及畜牧廢污水排放標準；而非點污染源不利於掌握，後續可進行非點污染源之調查，減少污染物流入水體，增加溪流排放排放溝渠的涵容能力，並提升自淨能力。

計畫類別：[環境水文]

英文摘要：The Kenting National Park (KTNP), including the landmass area and nearshore waters, is located at the southernmost tip of Taiwan. The nearshore water region, supports one of the highest marine biological diversities within Taiwan. Most of the coral reefs in Taiwan are fringing reefs that are located in shallow areas near the coast; hence they are readily influenced by human activities. Coral reef ecosystems are interconnected given the lack of significant barriers to water flow in marine environments, and so if point-source pollution is documented at one site, it is possible that its detrimental influence may spread. Consequence, this project can find solutions for the impacts ofsewage discharge mentioned above on marine environments and to provide information for the authorities. The public can then be more concerned about the issues on environmental protection and ecological conservation, and the government can then take appropriate actions to manage the coastal environmental more effectively and to reverse the current deteriorating situation.
We collected seawater samples around the nearshore waters of KTNP from 19 different collection sites from Nov. 2018 to Feb. 2019. Immediately after collection, water samples were analyzed for hydrographical, chemical, and ecological parameters. Quality control for sampling equipment and for field measurement procedures, such as temperature, salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen, were conducted following our governmental QA/QC regulations. The remaining water samples were preserved at 4℃ and returned to the laboratory for analysis of the following chemical and biomass parameters: temperature, salinity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, total suspended solids, BOD5, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, phosphorus, silicate, chlorophyll a and collforms. The QA/QC system includes a complete description of all the sample custody and chain-of-custody procedures, forms, documentation, and personnel responsibility necessary to ensure both scientific credibility and the legal defensibility of the data obtained from the samples involved in the project.
This study under the support of the Kenting National Park Headquarters, conducted water quality monitoring in coral reef ecosystem of the Kenting National Park. Monitoring programs include temperature, salinity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, total suspended solids, BOD5, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, phosphorus, silicate, chlorophyll a and total coliform. The survey of 4 cruises shows Hou-Bi-Hou(Nov, 2018 and Aug, 2019)、kenting and Caesar (May, 2019) exceed limitation of water quality standard A (Total Coliform < 1000 cfu/100 ml and NH3-N <0.3 mg/L). Caesar and Gia-Lo-Shuei were exceed limitation of BOD5(< 2 mg/L). The negative correlation between salinity and nutrients around the 14 monitoring seawater stations. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between SiO2-Si and total coliform. River pollution index (RPI) of the main rivers range from unpolluted to moderately polluted in KTNP. The results show the main factors were nutrients which negatively correlated of salinity. The decrease of salinity was related with natural climate rainfall which runoff leads to increase nutrients (nitrate, Silicate, phosphate and ammonia nitrogen) in coastal waters
KTNP is justifiably popular among both domestic and international tourists. However, increasing tourist numbers threaten to place an excessive burden on the natural environment by way of increasing coastal development, fisheries activities, sewage and other pollutant discharge, and consequent eutrophication. To prevent continual degradation of the coral reef environment, it is important to take a composite look at the potential factors that may cause harm to this fragile ecosystem. Herein, we introduce the impacts of humans activities on the coral reef ecosystems of KTNP as documented by kenting marine environmental monitoring program, with a special emphasis on water quality and the impact of increasing tourism, in order to draw greater attention to such threats. The excessive nutrients from the sewage, which also includes chemical fertilizers and pesticides used in local agriculture, eventually discharge into coastal waters during periods of heavy rainfall. The KTNP coral reef ecosystems are on an ongoing trajectory of degradation, as evidenced by regional patterns of coral and fish declines. Efforts to determine how seawater quality changes affect the coral reef environments of KTNP. As such, there is a need long-term collection data to monitor seawater quality within KTNP.

辦理單位：台灣珊瑚礁學會

計畫屬性：本處委託辦理

執行年度：107-108

計畫主持人：孟培傑

中文關鍵字：墾丁國家公園、營養鹽、河川污染指數

英文關鍵字：Kenting National Park, Nutrients, River pollution index