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研究調查報告
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    研究調查報告
      109年度墾丁國家公園海域珊瑚礁長期生態監測計畫
      一、研究緣起
      珊瑚礁生態系是海洋中生產力最高、生物量也最豐富的生態系。造礁珊瑚與其他造礁生物所建立三度立體空間所營造出複雜的礁體結構,提供多樣生物棲息與豐富的食物來源。珊瑚礁是一個動態性的生態系,會持續受到不同擾動影響。大型物理擾動(例如,颱風)產生機械性傷害,造成珊瑚群體斷枝或是碎裂,擾動過後的珊瑚仍會持續生長,使珊瑚覆蓋率逐漸恢復。但過度的人為擾動與長期的環境變遷可能讓大型藻類持續成長,與珊瑚競爭棲地,進一步影響珊瑚幼生入添而延緩受損的珊瑚群聚重建。
      墾丁國家公園海域的珊瑚礁為台灣少數發育良好的裙礁型珊瑚礁生態系。然而如同世界上其他的珊瑚礁一樣,墾丁珊瑚礁也面臨人為活動和氣候變遷的威脅-數十年來的過度漁業捕撈、每年超過數百萬遊客對當地生態造成的棲地破壞與污染、加上氣候變遷而日益加劇的颱風衝擊,以及越來越頻繁的海水異常升溫造成的珊瑚白化等。整理1987年至2018年31年歷史資料顯示,墾丁的珊瑚覆蓋率呈現兩次因擾動而降低再恢復的現象,最近的一次大型擾動為2016年的兩個颱風,在2018年時珊瑚無明顯恢復的現象,但最新的珊瑚礁現況仍需要持續的監測以便了解珊瑚礁的長期變動趨勢。
      二、研究方法及過程
      本計畫調查包括(1)固定樣區上底棲群聚和新入添小珊瑚(個體小於5公分)的豐度呈現珊瑚礁的最新狀況與白化事件;(2)2018年12月擱淺的巨龍號對溪仔口底棲群聚造成的影響;(3)分析墾丁國家公園管理處從2009年開始自行辦理的珊瑚礁體檢的監測資料和(4)整理墾丁國家公園海域的珊瑚物種名錄。
      三、重要發現
      研究成果包括(1)墾丁國家公園海域大多數樣點的珊瑚覆蓋率都較2018年高,平均珊瑚覆蓋率達到39.66%,約已恢復到2016春季未受兩個颱風擾動前的水準。但藻類的平均覆蓋率持續增加至53.32%。新入添小珊瑚密度平均每平方公尺內有1.65株(0.40-2.27株)。今年的白化事件可能導致墾丁地區三分之一的珊瑚群體死亡,以地理區區分則是恆春半島西岸和南灣西側最為嚴重、南灣東側次之、恆春半島東側則最輕微。白化最嚴重的地區為入水口南側、後灣和雷打石;最輕微的三個地區分別為溪仔口、龍坑和眺石恢復區。(2)溪仔口樣區珊瑚覆蓋率約為42%,為東海岸覆蓋率最高、發育最佳、結構最完整的珊瑚群聚。調查結果顯示巨龍號擱淺確實造成溪仔口珊瑚覆蓋率降低,但僅限於直接撞擊區較嚴重的影響。(3)墾丁國家公園管理處自行辦理珊瑚礁體檢結果顯示墾丁國家公園海域內底棲群聚以石珊瑚為顯著優勢,在2009和2011年間快速增加至約50%,2012年之後呈現穩定波動;軟珊瑚覆蓋率皆維持在約10%。同時大型藻類豐度持續下降,導致岩石(裸露的基質)覆蓋率持續增加,這可能是因為食藻性的生物如魔鬼海膽與刺尾鯛持續刮食藻類降低其豐度所致。然而大多數指標生物的數量皆很低或沒記錄到,顯示墾丁國家公園海域內的生物功能冗餘性(functional redundancy)低,正位於崩壞的臨界點上,隨時可能因擾動而導致生態系崩解。(4)墾丁國家公園海域內累計記錄到五目36科115屬559種珊瑚。
      綜合整理今年的結果顯示,墾丁的珊瑚礁生態系遭受到多重擾動的影響,正位於崩壞的臨界點上,因此在經營管理策略上除了需要持續監測珊瑚礁生態系受到白化的影響以極其恢復過程之外,仍須重新檢視與監測墾丁海域關鍵指標性物種與進行更積極的環境保護措施。
      四、主要建議事項
      建議一
      立即可行之建議:持續監測墾丁海域珊瑚礁底質群聚變化
      主辦機關:墾丁國家公園管理處
      珊瑚礁是一個變動的生態系,尤其生態系中的棲地組成以及主要的角色-珊瑚、指標性魚類和底棲性無脊椎生物的成體和幼生都受到變動的環境的影響。然而在越來越嚴峻的氣候環境下,預測擾動發生的時機越來越困難,成體族群的豐度和隔年幼生入添的關係仍有待商榷,故長期生態監測仍有其持續執行之必要,尤其今年發生有紀錄以來最嚴重的白化事件,需要進行密集的監測以了解墾丁國家公園海域生胡椒生態系在本次白化事件中的損失以及恢復的跡象,建議明年不宜中斷。並且需積極的釐清造成指標性生物缺乏的主因。
      建議二
      立即可行之建議:推廣愛海洋、減塑的生活方式、淨灘、淨海以及使用環境友善的家庭清潔劑與個人清潔用品、防曬用品
      主辦機關:墾丁國家公園管理處
      可見與不可見的海漂垃圾以及日常生活中的清潔用品皆會影響珊瑚礁的健康狀況,例如殺死海洋中的生物或者造成海水優養化與珊瑚白化。然而海洋中的一切污染皆從陸上來,因此除了辦理淨灘淨海清除已在海洋中的垃圾,也須從源頭做起,避免陸源廢棄物持續進入海洋中。由於墾丁國家公園同時也是觀光風景區,每年有大量的遊客,在完成生活污水全面接管之前,推廣使用環境友善的清潔與防曬用品是立即可行的措施。
      建議三
      立即可行之建議:降低陸源營養鹽輸入海洋
      主辦機關:墾丁國家公園管理處
      協辦機關:各地區公所
      陸源的營養鹽與泥沙過量輸入海洋會造成海水優養化並降低珊瑚礁的恢復力。然陸源的影響除了海岸線周圍的開發以及人類活動之外,也會來自河川上游的人類活動,但這些的影響往往被忽視。因此建議主管機關發展以河川流域為單位的管理措施,由河川上游的管制做起以降低對海洋的影響。
      建議四
      中長期建議:恆春半島生活污水全面接管:
      主辦機關:屏東縣政府環保局
      協辦機關:墾丁國家公園管理處
      環境因素是風災後影響珊瑚礁恢復的首要條件,而水中營養鹽多寡更是決定空基質棲地轉為藻類或珊瑚棲地的關鍵,也導致珊瑚在受到熱壓力的影響產生更嚴重的白化現象。由於藻類對營養鹽的利用效率較珊瑚高,故當水中營養鹽增加時則有利於藻類與珊瑚競爭棲地,造成棲地相變遷而成為藻類優勢。故對於風災受損的珊瑚礁,管控生活廢水的排放是重要任務,故建議國家公園範圍內生活污水應全面與汙水廠接管,經處理後再排放入海,以利該海域生態復原。
      建議五
      中長期建議:擴建墾丁汙水處理廠以因應漸增的遊客量
      主辦機關:墾丁國家公園管理處
      墾丁於民國 88 年設置兩座汙水處理廠,分別是南灣汙水廠及墾丁污水處理廠,前者最高處理量為 1,000CMD 後者為 2,000CMD。根據墾丁國家公園計畫第三次通盤檢討之報告顯示,98 年春季資料顯示南灣廠最大流量為1,175CMD,而墾丁廠為 1,985CMD 皆超過或逼近兩污水廠的最大負荷值。然而,根據墾丁國家公園統計之遊客數,98 年為 4,489,635 人到 104 年則增加兩倍至 8,168,878 人,春夏季為墾丁旅遊旺季,遊憩與觀光活動產生的生活廢水,從微生物氣值結果也顯示南灣為差至極差等級,因此,合理推論兩污水處理廠皆已不敷使用,建議擴建。
      計畫類別:[動物生態]
      英文摘要:The coral reef ecosystem is featured with the highest productivity and biomass. The three-dimensional structure established by hard corals and other reef-building organisms creates a complex reef structure that provides habitat for diverse organisms and a rich food source. Coral reefs are a dynamic ecosystem that is affected continuously by different disturbances, for example, typhoons. After disturbances, broken corals will recover and continue to grow, and the coral coverage gradually increases. However, excessive human disturbance and long-term environmental changes could enable macroalgae, the habitat competitor of corals, to continue to grow and affect coral larval to settle and grow, as the consequence, delaying the reconstruction of damaged coral communities.
      The coral reefs in the Kenting National Park (KNP) are one of the few well-developed fringing reef ecosystems in Taiwan. However, like other coral reefs globally, KNP’s coral reefs are also threatened by human activities, such as decades of overfishing, habitat destruction, and pollution due to overpopulated tourists visited annually. The increasing impact of typhoons and the coral bleaching event due to the increasing frequency of abnormally warming seawater. From 1987 to 2018, KNP’s coral coverage showed two cycles of reduction and then recovery after major disturbances. The last significant disturbance was two typhoons in 2016. There is no obvious recovery, but the latest coral reef status still needs continuously monitoring in order to understand the long-term trend of coral reef changes in the KNP.
      This project includes (1)surveying the benthic community composition and juvenile coral (less than 5cm in diameter) and bleaching severity on permanent monitoring sites; (2) investing the damage caused by the ship grounding event in Xizikou in December 2018; (3) Analyzing the historical ReefCheck data collected by the KNP Headquarter since 2009; and (4) listing historical records of coral species in the KNP.
      The results showed (1) The mean living coral coverage has recovered to 39.66% in 2020, which was similar to the level before damaged by the two typhoons in 2016. However, algal coverage continued to increase and reached to 53.32%. The average density of juvenile corals was 1.65 (0.40-2.27) per square meter in 2020. One-third of the coral colonies in KNP might lose due to the bleaching event this year. In general, bleaching severity was more severe in the west coast of Hengchun Peninsula and the west side of Nanwan than those in the east side of Nanwan and the east side of Hengchun Peninsula. The most-severely bleached sites are the southern side of the Inlet, Houwan, and Leidashi; the three least bleached sites are Xizaikou, Longkeng, and Tiaoshi recovery zone. The coral assemblage in Xizaikou is the most well developed with the highest living coral cover (42%) on the east coast. When the Julong ran aground, it did cause a decrease of living coral cover in Xizaikou, but it only had a severe impact in the directed impact area. (3) The Reef Check run by KNP staffs suggested the benthic community in the Kenting National Park waters was dominated by stony corals, which rapidly increased to about 50% between 2009 and 2011, and showed stable fluctuations after 2012. Soft coral cover was stable at around 10%. While the abundance of algae increased gradually, the cover of bare roc increased. This may be due to the continuously scraping of algae by herbivorous organisms, such as sea urchins and surgeonfishes. However, the number of major indicators is very low or not recorded, suggesting that the functional redundancy in the KNP is low and the ecosystem is at the tipping point toward the slippery slope to slime. (4) A total of 36 families, 115 genera, and 559 species of corals have been recorded in the KNP.
      The results of this project showed that Kenting’s coral reef ecosystem has been affected by multiple disturbances and is at the tipping point of collapse. Therefore, this project comes to the immediate and long-term strategies.
      For immediate strategies:
      1. Monitoring the impact of coral reef ecosystems on bleaching and the recovery process
      2. Monitoring the impacts from human and natural disturbances on coral reefs ecosystem
      3. Promoting the life style of using environmental-friendly and waste-free products and organising the beach and ocean clean-up activities
      4. Reducing the input of terrestrial nutrients and sediment from rivers into the ocean
      For long-term strategies
      1. Expending the capacity of current sewage facilities for he increase of tourist and human activities
      2. Building up domestic sewage treatment facilities for coving the area of Kenting National Park
      辦理單位:中央研究院生物多樣性中心
      計畫屬性:本處委託辦理
      執行年度:109
      計畫主持人:陳昭倫
      中文關鍵字:底棲群聚變動、白化、環境影響評估、珊瑚礁體檢、長期生態監測
      英文關鍵字:benthic community dynamic, coral bleaching, environmental impact assessment, Reef Check, long-term ecological monitoring
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