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105年度墾丁國家公園陸域野生哺乳類動物調查(3) 及農作物損害探討(2) |
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一、計畫緣起
墾丁國家公園位於台灣的最南端,除為國內最重要沿岸生態保育地區外,亦涵蓋有大面積的低海拔熱帶原始森林及其他典型的環境。陸域野生動物的群聚為相當具代表性的熱帶台灣低海拔動物相,各物種在保護區內分布模式及豐富程度的建立,除有助於確認區域內野生動物歧異度高的重要環境,並可了解各物種對棲息地的選擇性,以及影響分布的環境因子,亦可進一步評估環境變遷對族群分布和數量之影響。同時,多年來復育的野生梅花鹿數量持續增加,對在地農業產生衝擊,需要探討減輕危害的防治方案。
二、調查方法及過程
陸域哺乳動物調查部分,本年度在第5-9分區(墾丁國家公園東、北部)內進行自動相機與小型哺乳類動物調查,並綜合3年的結果與2000-2002年進行比較。梅花鹿對農作物損害危害現況調查主要工作內容為火龍果與黑豆田梅花鹿農損調查與圖資建置、電圍籬與物理圍籬試驗、免疫避孕試驗三部分。
三、重要發現
陸域哺乳動物調查部分,本次調查OI值的空間分佈與2002年的調查結果比較,梅花鹿的分布範圍已擴及龍鑾潭周邊與墾丁國家公園中南部地區,其核心地區為200縣道以南,以社頂為中心的森林與草地環境。穿山甲在大平頂山稜線有一次一隻的紀錄,雜交的梅花鹿、野豬也有記錄。大赤鼯鼠、獼猴、山羌和食蟹獴分佈範圍擴大,鼬獾和白鼻心則有數量減少的現象。其他哺乳動物則與2002年的結果類似。
梅花鹿農損調查顯示,梅花鹿農損熱點主要分布於港口溪南邊至山邊的農地,港口溪以北則只有少數農民表示僅在乾季時遭受農損,顯示港口溪下游應該是濕季時梅花鹿的天然屏障。
太陽能電圍籬和物理圍籬在濕季時的試驗結果顯示,可能因為環境中食物充足,故鹿隻較少接近或嘗試跳躍,後續將在乾季野外食物有限時進行試驗,應可以增加鹿隻接近圍網的行為反應觀察。
梅花鹿生育控制實驗中,寶特康®的雌性處理組在繁殖季時並無發情的現象,控制組則外陰部腫脹有黏液,呈現發情狀態。雄性梅花鹿使用80 kDA HSA PeptideNT-KLH胜肽疫苗,4隻公鹿裡面有3隻的精子型態呈現凝集(agglutination)的現象,顯示此疫苗具有使梅花鹿精子活動受限的效果,可利用來進行主動免疫避孕。在副作用方面,不論雌鹿與雄鹿,在疫苗接種處皆沒有造成外傷或是行動上的障礙。
四、主要建議意見
(一)野外梅花鹿的基礎生態研究
由於生育控制的努力量會隨著物種、所處環境的不同而有所差異,故針對目標物種與族群的數量估計、族群結構等族群生態學基礎資料的收集與監測,將是未來族群控制努力量的評估和成效預測的關鍵資訊。
(二)野外梅花鹿族群基因滲入的分布調查
2015年起即陸續發現野外梅花鹿有基因滲入現象,建議後續在梅花鹿的分佈地區進行捕捉採樣,調查基因滲入的鹿隻在恆春半島的分布現況,並研擬後續的管理對策。
(三)雜交野豬的控制
目前只在屏鵝公路以西的範圍內有記錄到疑似麝香豬的雜交個體,建議積極移除這些雜交個體,以防止繼續擴大其分佈範圍。
(四)大平頂地區穿山甲後續監測
研究團隊2015年於大平頂萬佛寺旁架設的自動相機拍攝到穿山甲的照片,但其尾部疑似曾遭犬啃咬,顯示野犬管理的急迫性。雖後續自動相機並無再次記錄,但仍建議於該區持續架設自動相機,也建議訪談萬佛寺或附近居民有關穿山甲分布和是否有目擊紀錄,以有利於掌握該區的穿山甲分布現況。
(五)梅花鹿圍網材質與孔隙選擇
研究團隊本年度進行農損訪談時,有農民表示黃色「安全網」的壽命較短,大約2年即開始破損。且陸續有梅花鹿纏網的現象發生,建議以10x10公分的鍍鋅菱格網替代黃色安全網,應可大幅減少卡網的情形,是比較適合的選擇。
計畫類別:[動物生態]
英文摘要:1. Introduction
The Kenting National Park locates in the southern Taiwan, which is the most important nature reserve for the tropic coastal ecosystem. Periodical monitoring of the distribution pattern and abundance of terrestrial mammals is important to the sound management of the Park not only for identifying areas of high species diversity, understanding their habitat preference, but also is important for analyzing the effect of environmental change to the status of their population. Additionally, agriculture damage caused by the free-living reintroduced sika deer population has increased in recent years; an assessment of effective damage control measurements is therefore also required.
2. Methods
Survey of terrestrial mammals is undertaking in block V to IX, e.g. the esatern and northern of the Kenting National Park, in 2016, and compares the results with 2002. For the deer damage series of studys, we investigated the point of dragon fruit and black beans farms with deer damage and digitized farms and damage information to GIS layers. we also tested the protective performance of different height of solar electric and wire fences, and evaluated the efficacy of immunocontraceptive methods by immunized the does and bucks separately.
3. Findings
The terrestrial mammals survey of 2016 compared to 2002 show the sika deer dispersed to the middle-south Kengting national park, and the core area of sika deer population was the forest and range lands around Sheding. Pangolin had once photo record in Dapinding. The results of others terrestrial mammals were similar between 2016 and 2002.
The hotspot of deer damage for agricultures was the foothills of southern Kangkou river. The deer damage in northern Kangkou river was less serious than southern. It showed the downstream of Kangkou river is a natural barrier for the movement of sika deer.
As the experiment of protective performance of different height solar electric and wire fences, the sika deer were close to the fences less, and didn't cross the fences during the experiment period, perhaps there were enough forage for sika deer in the wet season. We will re-start the experiment in the dry season, when the forage for sika deer are limited.
As the birth control experiment, we checked the genitals status of does to check the does were in estrus or not. The does immunized with Bo-Ta Con® vaccine treatment weren't observed estrus during breeding season, but the control treatment did. The bucks immunized with Peptide NT of 80 KDa HSA and the 3 of 4 bucks' sperm showed agglutinating activity. Both two immunocontraceptive vaccine treatment were no adverse effects in injection sites and didn't affect the general behavior for immunized does and bukes.
4. Suggestions
(1) Basic research is needed to understand the ecology of free-living sika deer.
(2) To do the introgression survey of free-livling sika deer in Hengchun Peninsula.
(3) To continuous monitor the pangolin population in Dapingding.
(4) Choosing rigid materials to build the deer fence.
計畫屬性:本處委託研究
執行年度:105
計畫主持人:裴家騏教授
中文關鍵字:陸域哺乳動物、自動照相設備、出現頻度、梅花鹿農損、生育控制
英文關鍵字: Birth control, Camera trapper, Deer damage, Occurrence Index, Terrestrial mammals.
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- 105年度「墾丁國家公園陸域野生哺乳類動物調查(3) 及農作物損害探討(2)」委託研究計畫期末報告:
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