108 年度墾丁國家公園疊層石與包殼粒分布及共域生物調查計畫

一、研究緣起
截至目前所知，疊層石與淡水大型包殼粒，在台灣地區僅被發現於墾丁國
家公園境內；這兩種不同類型的碳酸鹽沉積，很可能都與微生物早期成岩作用
有關係，都是很特殊且正在進行中的地質事件，但仍缺少全面相關地質與共域
生物等調查研究。本計畫之執行即是為了解墾丁國家公園境內疊層石與包殼粒
分布，及其共域生物相組成，以供未來特殊景觀保育規劃及環境教育推廣之參
考。
二、研究方法及過程
地質調查工作內容包括疊層石與湧泉包殼粒之發育情況、產狀、組成地理
分布等。工作進行方式，包括野外採集與觀察，並挑選10 處具有代表性可能是
成岩疊層石與隆起珊瑚礁最上層位之塊狀珊瑚，鑽探短岩心標本，做為挑選放
射性定年材料之用。另外，規畫標定3 個地點，進行地質鑽探長岩心之取樣，
以探究早期疊層石或其他微生物岩在隆起珊瑚礁岩之發育情況。至於包殼粒的
研究，包括野外採集、製作岩石透光薄片、X-射線粉末繞射儀鑑定岩樣所含碳
酸鹽礦物組成；同時，挑選代表性標本製作400μm 厚岩石玻璃切片，從中擇一
以微鑽微取樣方式取得各不同微結構包殼層的碳酸鹽粉末，進行穩定碳、氧同
位素組成分析。最後，將對所有標本採集地點，將以e-GPS 進行高精度定位紀
錄。
在水生微生物相調查研究，以每兩個月的間隔，於疊層石發育地點，設立
潮間帶上(0 公尺)、中(12 公尺)、下(30 公尺)三個潮池菌相樣區調查研究；考
量到人為干擾影響，我們選擇墾丁公園路湧泉區內一處自然水廠蓄水池為主要
的包殼粒樣本為主要採樣及調查對象。每次調查除了進行一次性水溫及鹽度測
量，也針對疊層石30 公尺潮池架設HOBO 記錄裝置進行長時間水溫、鹽度及光度監控。而菌種組成使用次世代定序技術，針對16S rDNA 生命條碼進行調
查。
配合水生微生物相調查樣區設置，同地點按月進行共域水生之甲殼、軟
體、棘皮等中大型無脊椎動物分類群種類之數量與分布現況。在調查樣區，以
徒手採集、蝦籠誘捕、以及目視或攝影記錄的方式調查各物種的豐富度。
三、重要發現
根據區域地質調查結果，顯示現今疊層石發育，主要分布於風吹砂海岸。推論
可能原因與下列因素有關：1.地體構造相對抬昇作用快速，地質侵蝕速率快，形成
較寬潮間帶；2.沿岸流與東北季風交互作用，持續供應細顆粒沉積物；3.湧泉持續性
供應過飽和碳酸鹽淡水；4.潮間帶石灰岩發育基底，大多已膠結成岩，湧泉淡水可
以在潮池內存留較長時間；5.本區海岸人為活動影響相對較少。
普查結果，包殼粒主要分布於香蕉灣湧泉與墾丁公園路湧泉樣區，少量發育於
風吹砂蓄水池旁地面。大部分地包殼粒為外表平滑的圓球狀，粒徑由不足1 公分至
數公分不等。在顯微鏡下觀察岩石透光薄片，顯示包殼層為亮晶與泥晶更迭包裹而
成，應是發育過程歷經多次間歇性滾動。包殼粒穩定同位素分析結果，顯示泥晶殼
層的形成很可能與微生物作用有關。
另外，在墾丁公園路湧泉匯集沉澱池中，有大量公釐至公分等級橢長形顆粒，
表面並有許多小突起，形如桑葚狀的包殼粒。根據岩石透光薄片觀察結果，此種包
殼粒的最外圈，均為亮晶殼層，因此研判穩定水源供應的沉澱池環境，很可能是形
成桑葚狀包殼粒的主要原因。
在水生微生物相調查研究，環境因子測量顯示疊層石區域的鹽度及溫度變
化極為劇烈，每日溫度變化可達10℃以上且光強度隨著每日光週期變化；而各
潮池表層水通常較底層水為淡。反之，墾丁公園路湧泉的包殼粒發育水文環境
波動非常的小且穩定。疊層石與包殼粒的樣本中，皆觀察到不同形態的菌種
(如：球菌、螺旋菌、藍綠菌等)。次世代高通量16S rDNA 定序顯示，相較於疊層石，包殼粒具有較多樣的菌種跟多樣性。與一般認為疊層石主要是由藍綠菌
主導，本計畫發現藍綠菌並非疊層石與包殼粒主要的菌群，而是
Gammaproteobacteria 的Alteromonas 一屬，且菌種組成主要受到鹽度影響，而非
季節性溫度光照影響。
本調查計畫三個測站的共域水生無脊椎動物共計記錄7 科15 種甲殼動物、
5 科10 種軟體動物、以及1 科1 種棘皮動物。各測站的物種數，風吹砂測站記
錄到10 科15 種；香蕉灣8 科13 種；公園路測站有4 科6 種；其中貪食沼蝦與
錐蜷在三個樣區均有分布且常見。自九月起各測站的沼蝦數量大幅降低，可能
與颱風帶來大量逕流將動物沖往下游，或是與人為採捕有關。
四、主要建議事項
疊層石與湧泉包殼粒地理分佈非常侷限，墾丁國家公園內所見為台灣地區
稀少地質現象，研究結果顯示都與微生物成岩作用有關，並且其共域生物組成
豐富；究其原因，主要係位於湧泉水域或者湧泉周邊，因此保育建議主要為提
昇疊層石與湧泉包殼粒地理分佈區為生態保護區，以確保原始的湧泉環境；以
下，分別就兩者從立即可行建議及中長期建議加以列舉：
建議一、疊層石發育分布區
立即可行：疊層石發育海岸已畫設為特別景觀區，但常見行人與牛
蹄印痕，調查期間共域生物組成變化大，疑受人為影
響；建議納入規劃為生態保護區管理。
中長程：建立坑仔內至興海港之海岸基本資料，如：隆起生物礁組
成、氣候、植被與砂丘變化(可透過空拍影像比對、
e-GPS 測量)、水質與水量監測；持續調查與監測。
建議二、包殼粒分布區立即可行：
1.香蕉灣樣區- 釐清香蕉灣生態保護區與農業用地邊界，協調適
度引用水源，減低耕作區農藥與肥料使用。
2.公園路湧泉樣區- 本區分屬一般管制區、特別景觀區與機關用
地，建議一同納入規劃為生態保護區管理。
中長程：建立以上兩個包殼粒分布區之湧泉水文、水質，及水源區
地質資料庫、植被保護，防止湧泉區水泥化整治與客
土運入；持續監測發育情況。

計畫類別：[地質水文]

英文摘要：So far, the development of stromatolites and large freshwater coated grains has only
been found in the Kenting National Park in Taiwan. Both two types of carbonates are likely
to be related to the early diagenesis of microbials and are very special. All these are ongoing
geological events, but there is still a lack of comprehensive study. This project includes
study issues of geology, microbiology and invertebrate zoology. The implementation of
this plan is to understand the distribution of stromatolites and coated grains in Kenting
National Park, as well as the aquatic organisms living in the same area. These study results
will serve as important references for future special landscape conservation planning and
environmental education promotion.
Geological investigations include the development, occurrence, and geographical
distribution of stromatolites and coated grains. For the study of stromatolites, we plan to
select 10 representative sites for short borehole cores sampling, and three sites for long
borehole cores drilling in the study area. These cores are for investigating the early
development of stromatolites or other microbialites on the raised reefal limestone. As for
the study of coated grains, including field collection, rock thin section preparation, oxygencarbon
stable isotope analyses, and X-ray diffraction analyses to identify the carbonate
composition of rock samples. For all specimen collection locations, e-GPS will be used for
high-precision positioning records.
For the prokaryotic microbial surveys, we bimonthly surveyed three tidal pools (0 m,
12 m, and 30 m) along a transect line that have the development of stromatolites in the
intertidal area, as well as a pool that has microbalite development in the mountain area. In
each survey, we measured the water temperature and salinity. To better understand the longterm
fluctuation of temperature and salinity in the stromatolite-forming area, we placed HOBO data loggers to monitor temperature, salinity, and light intensity at the 30 m tidal
pool on the transect line in the intertidal area. In addition to the collection of environmental
variables, we investigated the prokaryotic composition of stromatolites and microbalites
using the 16S rDNA amplicon next-generation sequencing technique.
According to the survey sites for aquatic microbiota, aquatic invertebrate fauna,
including crustaceans, mollusks, and echinoderms, were investigated on monthly base. At
the sites, distribution and abundance of species were recorded and estimated by hand and
trap collecting, eye-spotting, and photographing.
According to regional survey, it is shown that stromatolites are developed mainly on
the Fongchuisha coast. This may be related to: 1. Geological uplift and erosion are fast,
forming a wide intertidal zone. 2. The longshore currents interact with monsoon,
continuously supplying fine sediment to this environment. 3. The springs are constantly
supplying carbonate supersaturated water. 4. Most of the intertidal limestone is cemented
into rocks, and fresh water can stay in the tide ponds for a long time. 5. The impact of
human activities on the coast in this area is relatively small.
Based on this study, the coated grains are mainly distributed in the Banana Bay and
Kenting Park Road research plots, and a few are developed on the ground next to the
Fongchuisha reservoir. Most of the coated grains are smooth and spherical in shape, with
particle sizes ranging from less than 1 cm to several cm. The rock thin sections showed
that the grain coatings are composed of bright spar and dark micrite layers. This should be
the result of repeated intermittent rolling during the growth process. The results of stable
isotope analysis show that the formation of dark micrite layer of coated grains is probably
related to microbial actiivities.
In addition, a large number of mm to cm oval-shaped coated grains were found in the
sedimentation tank of Kenting Park Road. These particles have many small protrusions on
their surface and are shaped like mulberries. The rock thin sections showed that the grain
coating are composed of bright spar layers. The stable pond environment is considered to
be the main reason for the formation of such shaped coated grains.For the prokaryotic microbial surveys, we revealed that the water temperature and salinity in stramatolites of
the intertidal area are much more fluctuated than microbalites of the mountain freshwater
area. For the intertidal stromatolites, the daily temperature can fluctuate around 10℃.
Furthermore, salinity is much higher in the bottom layer of tidal pools than the surface
layer of tidal pools, indicative of the influence of upstream Spring outflow on the
development of intertidal stromatolites. In contrast, the mountain microbalites occurred in
much more stable environments. In both ecosystems, SEM observations showed various
types of bacteria such as cocci, spiral bacteria, and filamentous cyanobacteria. The analyses
of 16S rDNA amplicons based on the next-generation sequencing approach showed that
the mountain microbalites comprise of more OTUs and species richness than intertidal
stromatolites. In contrast to the general perceptions, cyanobacteria are not the main
predominant member contributing to the prokaryotic communities of the microbeassociated
calcium carbonate structures. Instead, the gamma-proteobacteria is the
predominant member. Yet, the association between the relative abundance of Alteromonas
and the level of salinity highly suggest that the salinity may be the main driver shaping the
prokaryotic composition of these microbe-associated calcium carbonate structures in the
Kenting National Park.
On aquatic invertebrates, 15 crustacean species representing 7 famies, 10 mollusk
species of 5 families, and 1 echinoderms were recorded in the three study sites. By sites,
15 species representing 10 families were recorded at Fongchueisha, 13 species of 8 families
at Siangjiao Bay, and 6 species of 4 families at Gongyuan Road Site. Among them, the
prawn Macrobrachium lar and the snail Stenomelania plicaria were common at all three
sites. Since September 2019, however, the abundance of prawns at all three sites was
largely reduced. They might be flushed downstream by strong run-off after typhoons, or
be collected and trapped.
The geographical distribution of stromatolites and spring coated grains is very limited.
What is seen in Kenting National Park is a rare geological phenomenon in Taiwan. The
research results show that they are related to microbial diagenesis and occurred with high
biodiversity. The recommendation is to designate the locations of stromatolites and coated
grains development as ecological reserves to ensure a pristine spring water environment.
This project comes to the immediate and long-term strategies for stromatolites and
coated grains
For stromatolites:
Immediate strategies: The location of stromatolites development has been designated
as a special landscape area, but pedestrian and cow hoof prints are common nearby.
During the survey, the composition of aquatic organisms changed greatly and was
suspected of being affected by humans. It is recommended to incorporate it into the
management of ecological reserves.
Long-term strategies: Establish basic data base on the coast from Kengzinei to
Xinghai Port, such as: composition of raised reefs, climate, vegetation and sand dune
changes (via UVA image comparison, e-GPS measurement), spring water quality and
quantity monitoring; continuous investigation and monitoring.
For coated grains:
Immediate strategies:
1. The Banana Bay study area：Clarify the boundary between the Banana Bay
Ecological Reserve and agricultural land, coordinate the appropriate use of
water sources, and reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers in the farming
area.
2.The Kenting Park Road study area：This area includes the general conservation
area, special landscape area and government land, and it is recommended to be
designated as an ecological reserve.
Long-term strategies: Establish the data base of spring water hydrology of the above two coated grains study areas, as well as the geological data base, and
vegetation protection of the spring headwaters, prevent the cementation
regulation and guest soil transportation; and continuously monitor the
development of coated grains.

辦理單位：國立自然科學博物館

計畫屬性：本處委託辦理

執行年度：108

計畫主持人：王士偉

中文關鍵字：疊層石、包殼粒、水生微生物、水生無脊椎動物

英文關鍵字：Stromatolites, coated grains, aquatic microbiology, aquatic invertebrates

相關檔案
1- 完整之委託辦理計畫報告： 1- 完整之委託辦理計畫報告

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