一、計畫緣起
墾丁國家公園為台灣首座成立之國家公園，地處恆春半島南部，其為熱帶氣候。其獨特的海陸地理景觀與豐富多變的棲地環境，孕育相當豐富種類的野生動物，每年更有大批候鳥南遷過冬。為了保育這些國家重要的自然生態資源、維護生物多樣性、並喚起國人對生態保育的重視，自民國73年1月成立以來，我們便不遺餘力、並且成果優異。轄內的台灣梅花鹿，歷經準備期、放養期和野放追蹤期，已成功復育了臺灣特有的梅花鹿品系，讓其回歸原有的自然生活；而台灣環頸雉的復育，亦是為了保存臺灣較早的野生品系種源。
然而動物難免有生病與受傷之狀況發生，因此醫療救傷是在所難免，又轄內存在不少居民與畜產試驗所所飼養之牲畜與家禽，候鳥亦會攜帶病原，重以生態旅遊日益繁盛，在禽畜豢養、野生動物棲地與人類活動範圍三者之間的重疊下，人與動物(野生動物、禽畜)彼此之間的互動與接觸，也是在所難免的。為維護三方之健康，傳染性疾病(尤其潛在性之人畜共通傳染病)的預防、監測與控制，對野生動物的保育以及對公共衛生威脅的防遏，亦是不可或缺的工作。此外，對檢獲或違法獵捕取締之野生動物，也施予即時之治療、照護，最後若情況允許則予以野放。
因此，為了持續監測轄內野生動物之潛在性疾病以防患於未然、對傷病動物進行醫療保健行為、並且對生病和死亡動物進行病因診斷鑑定，國立屏東科技大學獸醫學系暨動物醫院自民國76年以來，持續接受墾丁國家公園管理處之委託，辦理轄區內野生動物的醫療保健勞務計畫，對轄區內動物的醫療保健和疾病防治體系。累積至今，已有豐富的經驗，今年度榮幸再獲續辦此計畫。
為執行本計畫，國立屏東科技大學獸醫學系已與動物醫院組成服務團隊，依投標時所擬服務企劃書和評審委員會卓見，以及委託服務契約書內涵，逐步進行墾丁國家公園管理處轄內野生動物之醫療保健服務工作，以預防重要動物疾病之發生，並對死亡動物進行剖檢以監測病因。
二、方法及過程
服務內容為墾丁國家公園管理處轄內陸域野生動物，包括哺乳類和鳥類等之疾病檢查、診治和預防，其執行方法一方面平日對受傷野生動物進行疾病檢查和醫療照護；對死亡動物進行剖檢、死因鑑定和屍體處理；對墾管處野放及遷移野生動物時給予協助及技術指導；對轄區野生動物緊急狀況進行醫療。另一方面進行定期預防注射和健康監測，包括預防注射(台灣環頸雉4月和9月行新城病預防注射；台灣梅花鹿配合政府政策行口蹄疫預防注射)；重要傳染病及寄生蟲感染之監控(台灣梅花鹿於召回時行結核病、布氏桿菌病等重要傳染病及糞便寄生蟲之檢查監控)；健康檢查(抽驗環頸雉和對召回鹿隻，以及其它野生動物於被捕捉保定時，進行血液學、血清生化學和一般臨床等檢查，以監控動物之健康營養和預防重要疾病尤其傳染病之發生)；預防緊迫(台灣環頸雉投予電解質維生素)；對召回之臺灣梅花鹿進行基本資料之建立(耳刺青編號、量體重)。
三、重要發現
1.台灣梅花鹿之重要傳染病監控與預防：召回之鹿隻之結核病，其頸側皮內結核菌素試驗全部均呈陰性反應。而自社頂區召回無刺青及耳標之鹿隻，大多數體表於多處可見壁蝨寄生與叮咬。
2.台灣梅花鹿之健康檢查：由血液學和血清生化學檢查評估，雖然有少數鹿隻營養稍差，但全部鹿隻健康狀況大致正常，由血液抹片與糞便抹片檢查，均無發現心絲蟲體、蟲卵…等血液寄生蟲之感染。
3.台灣梅花鹿之醫療與外科處理：1頭鹿體表有因野犬攻擊所導致的多處撕裂傷，行外科手術整復處理。1頭鹿之鼻吻部有因緊迫撞擊所導致的撕裂傷，並有出血，行外科手術整復處理。
4.台灣環頸雉重要傳染病之監控與預防：新生雉行2次新城病死毒疫苗基礎免疫注射，且全群實施每年2次預防注射。由新城病血球凝集抑制反應抗體力價測定，確定預防注射時機恰當。由新城病抗體力價推測有病毒入侵但因群體保護覆蓋率夠而未爆發新城病。
5.台灣環頸雉之健康檢查：血液抹片檢查均無寄生蟲感染，抽檢糞便樣本中皆無腸道寄生蟲感染。
6.其它動物之醫療和剖檢：本年度共有一隻紅尾伯勞、一隻紅頭綠鳩、一隻牛背鷺進行醫療照護；九隻台灣梅花鹿、一隻食蟹獴、兩隻紅尾伯勞、一隻紅頭綠鳩、一隻領角鴞、以及兩隻牛背鷺進行病理剖檢。
四、主要建議事項
根據上述發現，本計畫提出下列建議：
主辦機關：墾丁國家公園管理處
1.台灣梅花鹿之口蹄疫疫苗注射，建議往後仍依政府防疫單位規定，對召回鹿隻行預防注射。
2.台灣梅花鹿之結核病、副結核病和布氏桿菌病等反芻獸重要人畜共通傳染病，以及胃腸道和血液寄生蟲檢查已多年均為陰性反應，應可贏得轄內其他動物飼養單位與遊客信任與放心。建議維持抽驗方式，以監測野放復育鹿隻之健康。
3.台灣梅花鹿自92年11月起，除97年無發現外，每年均有部分鹿隻遭受壁蝨感染，偶而引起死亡，今年在社頂區有發現少數感染，仍建議對召回鹿隻仍然以害獲滅進行預防注射，一則可預防野外壁蝨之死灰復燃，另則可防止草食動物常有之腦脊髓絲狀蟲症的侵襲。
4.台灣梅花鹿今年並無遭野犬咬死或非法捕獵之案件，建議應仿今年模式，除繼續加強警告、宣導和取締外，對捕獲野犬給予去勢或結紮。
5.新城病為台灣環頸雉最重要之傳染病，這幾年實施每年2次死毒疫苗預防注射及新生雉2次基礎免疫注射，效果良好，建議持續施行此一方式之預防注射。
6.台灣環頸雉今年抽驗12隻，其中有11隻血清總蛋白質測定皆高於3.4g/dL，顯示整群營養狀況已明顯改善，建議繼續保持維護。
計畫類別：[動物生態]
英文計劃名稱：Medical Examination and Treatment of Wildlife in Kenting National Park in Taiwan (2017)
英文摘要：Medical Examination and Treatment of Wildlife in Kenting National Park in Taiwan (2017)
Hung-Yi Wu1, 2, Yung-Huey Wu1
Keywords: medical treatment and health care, medical examinations, wild animals, Kenting National Park
There are abundant wild animals resources in the Kenting National Park. In order to evaluate their healthy condition, to establish a procedure for preventing diseases of wild animals, and medical therapy for the injured, dead and recalled animals, the medical examinations and treatments were performed for the terrestrial wild animals all over the year of 2017.
A total of 76 Formosan sika deer (Cervus nippon taiouanus) assembled from the reintroduction field were done vaccinations with FMD inactivated vaccine and ivermectin injection for preventing the tick and cerebrospinal nematode infections. All the deer were performed the examinations of single cervical intradermal tuberculin test, hematology, serum chemistry, fecal parasitology, and general clinical appearance. The results showed that all the examinations in each deer were negative or normal. Besides, two deers have been given the surgery for their recovery: one has severe trauma in the part of snout because of the intense dash and the other has multiple lacerations on its body surface.
All of 220 ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus formosanus) were vaccinated two times with inactivated vaccines against Newcastle Disease Virus in April and September, 2017. The examinations were performed 12 serum samples for total serum protein (TSP) and haemoaglutination inhibit test for Newcastle disease antibody. Ten feces samples were done parasitologicall examinations. The results showed that no positive cases were found in the Newcastle disease. All of the fecal and bloody parasitological examinations are negative. 11 of the 12 pheasants’ total serum protein test were above 3.4g/dL, which revealed an improvement of nutritial status.
All of 29 Cuora flavomarginata’s appearance inspection were examined thoroughly, carapaces had been cleaned artificially, and ten feces samples were done parasitologicall examinations, which all showed negative.
This project comes to the following immediate strategies.
1. The current methods for medical examinations and treatments of wild animals in Kenting National Park were suitable, especially for the controls of bovine tuberculosis, Johne's disease, brucellosis and gastrointestinal parasite infestation in deer, and newcastle disease in pheasant. It should be continuously executed.
2. For the species conservation of Formosan sika deer (Cervus nippon taiouanus), some of the deers should be selected, and were free-ranged in the cleaning area of tick and cerebrospinal nematode. The drug dipping, ivermectin injection and the rotation grazing should be periodically performed. On the other hand, the recalled deers also be continuously executed the drug dipping and ivermectin injection for the parasitic dispel. Since there was only one case of Formosan Sika deer being bitten by wild dogs, and no case were being hit by a car, or being hunted illegally by unscrupulous businessmen, the method we have been using this year should be continuously executed; In addition to continuing to strengthen the warning, advocacy and banning, castration or ligation of captured wild dogs are also important.
3. For the controls of hypoproteinemia and chronic infections (such as Salmonella pullorum) in pheasant, to improve the raising space, to increase feed trough number and/or to decrease the number of pheasant are necessary.
辦理單位：國立屏東科技大學
計畫屬性：本處委託辦理
執行年度：106
計畫主持人：吳弘毅助理教授
中文關鍵字：醫療保健、醫學檢查、野生動物、墾丁國家公園
英文關鍵字： medical treatment and health care, medical examinations, wild animals, Kenting National Park